Availability and prioritisation of COVID-19 vaccines among patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and kidney failure during the height of the pandemic: a global survey by the International Society of Nephrology.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) or kidney failure receiving replacement therapy (KFRT) are highly vulnerable to COVID-19 infection, morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is effective, but access differs around the world. We aimed to ascertain the availability, readiness and prioritisation of COVID-19 vaccines for this group of patients globally. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Collaborators from the International Society of Nephrology (ISN), Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study and ISN-Global Kidney Health Atlas developed an online survey that was administered electronically to key nephrology leaders in 174 countries between 2 July and 4 August 2021. RESULTS: Survey responses were received from 99 of 174 countries from all 10 ISN regions, among which 88/174 (50%) were complete. At least one vaccine was available in 96/99 (97%) countries. In 71% of the countries surveyed, patients on dialysis were prioritised for vaccination, followed by patients living with a kidney transplant (KT) (62%) and stage 4/5 CKD (51%). Healthcare workers were the most common high priority group for vaccination. At least 50% of patients receiving in-centre haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or KT were estimated to have completed vaccination at the time of the survey in 55%, 64% and 51% of countries, respectively. At least 50% of patients in all three patient groups had been vaccinated in >70% of high-income countries and in 100% of respondent countries in Western Europe.The most common barriers to vaccination of patients were vaccine hesitancy (74%), vaccine shortages (61%) and mass vaccine distribution challenges (48%). These were reported more in low-income and lower middle-income countries compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSION: Patients with advanced CKD or KFRT were prioritised in COVID-19 vaccination in most countries. Multiple barriers led to substantial variability in the successful achievement of COVID-19 vaccination across the world, with high-income countries achieving the most access and success.

Epidemiology of peritoneal dialysis outcomes.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an important home-based treatment for kidney failure and accounts for 11% of all dialysis and 9% of all kidney replacement therapy globally. Although PD is available in 81% of countries, this provision ranges from 96% in high-income countries to 32% in low-income countries. Compared with haemodialysis, PD has numerous potential advantages, including a simpler technique, greater feasibility of use in remote communities, generally lower cost, lesser need for trained staff, fewer management challenges during natural disasters, possibly better survival in the first few years, greater ability to travel, fewer dietary restrictions, better preservation of residual kidney function, greater treatment satisfaction, better quality of life, better outcomes following subsequent kidney transplantation, delayed need for vascular access (especially in small children), reduced need for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and lower risk of blood-borne virus infections and of SARS-CoV-2 infection. PD outcomes have been improving over time but with great variability, driven by individual and system-level inequities and by centre effects; this variation is exacerbated by a lack of standardized outcome definitions. Potential strategies for outcome improvement include enhanced standardization, monitoring and reporting of PD outcomes, and the implementation of continuous quality improvement programmes and of PD-specific interventions, such as incremental PD, the use of biocompatible PD solutions and remote PD monitoring.

The case for increased peritoneal dialysis utilization in low- and lower-middle-income countries.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has several advantages compared to haemodialysis (HD), but there is evidence showing underutilization globally, especially in low-income and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs) where kidney replacement therapies (KRT) are often unavailable, inaccessible, and unaffordable. Only 11% of all dialysis patients worldwide use PD, more than 50% of whom live in China, the United States of America, Mexico, or Thailand. Various barriers to increased PD utilization have been reported worldwide including patient preference, low levels of education, and lower provider reimbursement. However, unique but surmountable barriers are applicable to LLMICs including the excessively high cost of providing PD (related to PD fluids in particular), excessive cost of treatment borne by patients (relative to HD), lack of adequate PD training opportunities for doctors and nurses, low workforce availability for kidney care, and challenges related to some PD outcomes (catheter-related infections, hospitalizations, mortality, etc.). This review discusses some known barriers to PD use in LLMICs and leverages data that show a global trend in reducing rates of PD-related infections, reducing rates of modality switches from HD, and improving patient survival in PD to discuss how PD use can be increased in LLMICs. We therefore, challenge the idea that low PD use in LLMICs is unavoidable due to these barriers and instead present opportunities to improve PD utilization in LLMICs.

Fighting the unbearable lightness of neglecting kidney health: the decade of the kidney.

A brief comprehensive overview is provided of the elements constituting the burden of kidney disease [chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury]. This publication can be used for advocacy, emphasizing the importance and urgency of reducing this heavy and rapidly growing burden. Kidney diseases contribute to significant physical limitations, loss of quality of life, emotional and cognitive disorders, social isolation and premature death. CKD affects close to 100 million Europeans, with 300 million being at risk, and is projected to become the fifth cause of worldwide death by 2040. Kidney disease also imposes financial burdens, given the costs of accessing healthcare and inability to work. The extrapolated annual cost of all CKD is at least as high as that for cancer or diabetes. In addition, dialysis treatment of kidney diseases imposes environmental burdens by necessitating high energy and water consumption and producing plastic waste. Acute kidney injury is associated with further increases in global morbidity, mortality and economic burden. Yet investment in research for treatment of kidney disease lags behind that of other diseases. This publication is a call for European investment in research for kidney health. The innovations generated should mirror the successful European Union actions against cancer over the last 30 years. It is also a plea to nephrology professionals, patients and their families, caregivers and kidney health advocacy organizations to draw, during the Decade of the Kidney (2020-30), the attention of authorities to realize changes in understanding, research and treatment of kidney disease.

Video Visits Using the Zoom for Healthcare Platform for People Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis and Nephrologists: A Feasibility Study in Alberta, Canada.

BACKGROUND: Demand for virtual visits (an online synchronous medical appointment between a health care provider and patient) is increasing due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There may be additional benefits of virtual visits as they appear to be convenient and potentially cost-saving to patients. People receiving maintenance hemodialysis require ongoing care from their nephrologist and may benefit from virtual visits; however, the optimal model for a virtual kidney clinic is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To codesign and assess the feasibility of a virtual (video) kidney clinic model with clinic staff, nephrologists, and patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis, to be used for routine follow-up visits. DESIGN: Mixed-methods study. SETTING: Two main kidney clinics in central Calgary, Alberta. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with kidney failure receiving maintenance hemodialysis, nephrologists, and clinic staff. METHODS: First, we individually interviewed clinic staff and nephrologists to assess the needs of the clinic to deliver virtual visits. Then, we used participant observation with patients and nephrologists to codesign the virtual visit model. Finally, we used structured surveys to evaluate the patients' and nephrologists' experiences when using the virtual model. RESULTS: Eight video visits (8 patients; 6 nephrologists) were scheduled between October 2019 and February 2020 and 7 were successfully completed. Among completed visits, all participants reported high satisfaction with the service, were willing to use it again, and would recommend it to others. Three main themes were identified with respect to factors influencing visit success: IT infrastructure, administration, and process. LIMITATIONS: Patients received training on how to use the videoconference platform by the PhD student, whom also set up the technical components of the visit for the nephrologist. This may have overestimated the feasibility of virtual visits if this level of support is not available in future. Second, interviews were not audio-recorded and thematic analysis relied on field notes. CONCLUSIONS: Video visits for routine follow-up care between people receiving hemodialysis and nephrologists were acceptable to patients and nephrologists. Video visits appear to be feasible if clinics are equipped with appropriate equipment and IT infrastructure, physicians are remunerated appropriately, and patients receive training on how to use software as needed.

CONTEXTE: La demande pour des consultations virtuelles (rendez-vous médical par vidéoconférence entre un patient et son fournisseur de soins) augmente en raison de la pandémie de COVID-19. Ces consultations pourraient présenter des avantages pour les patients, notamment en raison de leur côté pratique et des économies qui en résultent. Les patients recevant des traitements d'entretien par hémodialyse nécessitent un suivi continu de la part de leur néphrologue et pourraient tirer profit de ce type de consultation. On ignore toutefois quel modèle de clinique de néphrologie virtuelle serait optimal. OBJECTIF: Concevoir, conjointement avec le personnel des cliniques, les néphrologues et les patients recevant des traitements d'hémodialyse, un modèle de consultation virtuelle (vidéoconférence) pour les visites de suivi de routine, et en évaluer la faisabilité. TYPE D'ÉTUDE: Étude à méthodes mixtes. CADRE: Les deux principales cliniques de néphrologie du centre de Calgary (Alberta). SUJETS: Des adultes atteints d'insuffisance rénale et recevant des traitements d'hémodialyse, des néphrologues et le personnel des cliniques concernées. MÉTHODOLOGIE: En premier lieu, le personnel de la clinique et les néphrologues ont été interrogés individuellement afin d'évaluer les besoins de la clinique en matière de consultations virtuelles. Les observations des participants ont ensuite servi à la conception conjointe du modèle de consultation virtuelle avec les patients et les néphrologues. Enfin, des questionnaires structurés ont servi à évaluer les expériences des patients et des néphrologues lors de l'utilisation du modèle. RÉSULTATS: Huit consultations virtuelles (8 patients; 6 néphrologues) étaient prévues entre octobre 2019 et février 2020, dont sept ont été réalisées avec succès. Tous les participants aux séances complétées se sont dits très satisfaits du modèle et ont mentionné qu'ils seraient prêts à l'utiliser à nouveau et qu'ils le recommanderaient à d'autres. Trois principaux thèmes ont été dégagés quant aux facteurs influençant le succès de la consultation ont été dégagés: l'infrastructure, l'administration et le processus informatiques. LIMITES: Les patients avaient reçu une formation sur l'utilisation de la plateforme de vidéoconférence de la part d'un étudiant au doctorat, lequel a également mis en place les composantes techniques de la consultation pour le néphrologue. La faisabilité des consultations virtuelles pourrait être surestimée si ce niveau de soutien n'est pas offert à l'avenir. Deuxièmement, les entrevues n'étaient pas enregistrées sur des fichiers audio, l'analyse thématique reposait donc sur des notes d'observation. CONCLUSION: Les patients hémodialysés et les néphrologues ont jugé acceptable ce modèle de consultations virtuelles pour les suivis de routine. Les consultations par vidéoconférence sont réalisables si les cliniques sont dotées de l'équipement et de l'infrastructure informatiques appropriés, si les médecins sont rémunérés adéquatement et si les patients reçoivent une formation sur l'utilisation du logiciel, au besoin.